Low Back Pain: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Low back pain is one of the most common reasons people visit the doctor. It affects nearly everyone at some point in their lives and can range from mild discomfort to severe, debilitating pain. Understanding the causes and treatment options is essential for effective management.

Common Causes of Low Back Pain

Low back pain can stem from various issues, including:

Muscle or ligament strain due to heavy lifting or sudden awkward movements
Herniated or bulging discs that press on nerves
Degenerative disc disease from aging
Spinal stenosis – narrowing of the spinal canal
Skeletal irregularities such as scoliosis
Arthritis affecting the lower spine
Osteoporosis causing vertebral fractures

Symptoms of Low Back Pain

Symptoms may include:

Dull, aching pain in the lower back
Sharp, localized pain after injury
Pain radiating down the legs (sciatica)
Stiffness and reduced range of motion
Muscle spasms
Difficulty standing up straight or walking

When to See a Doctor

Immediate medical attention is necessary if low back pain is accompanied by:

Severe or worsening symptoms
Loss of bladder or bowel control
Numbness or weakness in legs
Fever or unexplained weight loss
Pain following trauma

Diagnosis

Doctors use a combination of:

Physical examinations
Medical history review
Imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to pinpoint causes

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the cause and severity:

Rest and activity modification
Physical therapy to strengthen core muscles and improve flexibility
Over-the-counter or prescription pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications
Heat or cold therapy
Injections like corticosteroids for inflammation
In rare cases, surgery may be recommended

Prevention Tips

Prevent low back pain by:

Maintaining a healthy weight
Exercising regularly, especially core strengthening
Using proper lifting techniques
Maintaining good posture
Avoiding prolonged sitting or standing

📌 Bottom Line: Low back pain is common but often manageable with proper care and lifestyle changes. Early intervention can prevent chronic problems and improve quality of life.

📚 Learn more from the Mayo Clinic and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

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