Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatment

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, though it can also affect men. It develops when abnormal cells in the breast grow uncontrollably, often forming a tumor that can spread to other parts of the body. Early detection through screening greatly improves the chances of successful treatment.

What is Breast Cancer?

Breast cancer begins in the cells of the breast, usually in the lobules or ducts. It can be classified into:

Invasive breast cancer – Cancer cells spread beyond the original site.
Non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer – Cancer cells remain in the ducts or lobules.
Symptoms of Breast Cancer

Common signs and symptoms include:

A lump in the breast or underarm
Changes in breast size, shape, or skin texture
Dimpling or puckering of the skin
Nipple discharge, possibly with blood
Pain or tenderness in the breast
Inverted nipple or skin changes around the nipple

It’s important to note that not all breast lumps are cancerous, but any unusual changes should be evaluated by a doctor.

Risk Factors

Several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer:

Gender and age – Most cases occur in women over 50.
Family history – Having close relatives with breast cancer increases risk.
Genetic mutations – BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations are linked to higher risk.
Hormonal factors – Early menstruation, late menopause, or hormone replacement therapy.
Lifestyle choices – Alcohol consumption, obesity, and lack of exercise.

Diagnosis

Breast cancer is diagnosed through various screening and diagnostic tests:

Mammogram – X-ray of the breast
Ultrasound – To examine abnormalities
MRI – For detailed imaging
Biopsy – Removing tissue for laboratory analysis

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the type and stage of breast cancer:

Surgery – Lumpectomy or mastectomy to remove cancerous tissue
Radiation therapy – High-energy rays to kill cancer cells
Chemotherapy – Drugs to destroy cancer cells throughout the body
Hormone therapy – Blocks hormones that fuel certain breast cancers
Targeted therapy – Focuses on specific cancer cell characteristics
Immunotherapy – Stimulates the immune system to attack cancer cells

Prevention

While not all breast cancer cases are preventable, lifestyle changes can lower your risk:

Maintain a healthy weight
Limit alcohol consumption
Exercise regularly
Breastfeed if possible
Get regular screenings and perform self-exams

📌 Bottom Line: Breast cancer is treatable, especially when detected early. Regular screenings, awareness of risk factors, and a healthy lifestyle are key steps in prevention and early detection.

📚 Learn more from the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute.

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